General systems and operations design Essay

The human-framework configuration ought to be least confused and simple to work and keep up. Less difficulties and operational prerequisites would mean least preparing necessities and outstanding task at hand for the individuals and in this manner, less blunder potential. Equipment activities and PC techniques ought to likewise be normalized with the goal that comparative tasks would require comparable equipment and comparable applications would just require comparable utilizations and systems. Activities should just be normalized and executed to limit the quantity of required apparatuses just as human blunders from ill-advised preparing and least expertise. Likewise, the minimization of support prerequisites and the normalization of strategies and tasks ought to be done so any individual engaged with the investigation would at any rate have a thought on the activities which is particularly vital in instances of mishaps when an organization in space gets unequipped for activity (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Changes in Anthropometry As individuals voyages farther from Earth, there is the loss of gravitational draw. This misfortune, along with the adjustments in condition apply extraordinary impacts both in the anthropometry and science of people and therefore requires broad thought particularly in planning workstations. Specifically, the human body size and stance, the surface zone, the development and volume just as the mass extensively change with the nonappearance of gravity (Vogel, 1976; Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). The stature of an individual for the most part increments for both short and long haul missions (Sinha, 2002; Vogel, 1976). This is brought about by spine protracting which can shift from 0.5 inch to about 3% of the gauge tallness preceding the mission. The liquid movements brought about by gravity cause changes in the chest, midriff and appendage circuits, normally a decline (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Since weight is an element of gravitational power, the heaviness of an individual reductions from 3-4%, the greater part of which due to water, and loss of slender weight just as fat. Metabolic changes that happen further all through the crucial reason further weight reduction while the focal point of the weight turns into the head (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Pre-activity anthropometry has an impact on how much increment or diminishing will occur with the decline in gravitational draw. This implies when all is said in done, sex and race could likewise affect the measure of changes that would occur because of the diminishing in gravity. Individuals from the West are normally taller contrasted with their Eastern, Asian partners. Moreover, guys are commonly taller contrasted with the females of a similar race (â€Å"Man-Systems Integration Standards,† n. d. ). The anthropometric information are typically utilized in the structure of hardware. The hardware to be utilized must have the option to fit to any client paying little heed to measure. This is finished by planning a one-size-fits-all guideline, to suit every single imaginable client. This is particularly relevant to the plan of seats and the components of the window. Hardware sizes can likewise be customized to fit a particular client insofar as the individual in question would be the main client. Articles that must be arrived at, for example, fastens and switches must be balanced dependent on the span of the most brief individual. Moreover, the way that the spine protracts while in space would influence the position of reachable items. Since the spine extends, there would be an expanded or simpler overhead reach while the descending reach turns out to be increasingly troublesome on account of diminished help by gravity (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). The anthropometric information can likewise be utilized in the plan of attire. Since tallness increments for the most part occur because of the expansion in turn length while in space, the planners must tailor the space suits to oblige such changes (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Notwithstanding gravity, the genuine undertakings that must be acted in space are considered in the structure of hardware. To embody, if the assignment includes incredible exactness, proceeded with activity and the utilization of two hands, the errand ought to be as close as conceivable to the administrator. For undertakings that require the utilization of exceptional suits, structure arrive at measurements are commonly decreased (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Changes in Work Capacity and Biology The absence of gravity likewise powers configuration changes especially in objects that require pushing, and pulling. Since there is need gravity, human power is fundamentally decreased. Lessened musculoskeletal quality and diminished heart limit are impacts of absence of gravity and can influence work execution and limit (Miller, n. d. ). It follows then that in capacities that require power, for example, pushing and pulling, there ought to be mechanical help with the types of body restriction frameworks that could fill in for gravity. These restriction frameworks must be created under nonpartisan lightness conditions on Earth or in genuine states of the space. Handhold, midriff and foot restrictions can be utilized for clutching a handgrip to oblige utilitarian scopes; midsection limitation for good body control; and foot restriction if the need is phenomenal arrive at execution, strength and control (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Gravity could likewise significantly affect a person’s science. Especially, the decreased gravitational power could incite spatial confusion and space adjustment condition or space disorder (Ercoline, 1994). Such are not viewed as constructive outcomes since they cause hindrance of execution. Spatial bewilderment alludes to changes in stance, vertigo and figments of development that could result to tumbling (Brown, 2000). Basic exercises are not encouraged to people on strategic they are spatially confused. In the principal days in space when people experience space adjustment condition, people will in general cutoff head movements. The impact is expanded undertaking time. What is normally done now is having restricted exercises that require speed (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). As inferred before, gravity likewise has consequences for the human solid and circulatory framework. The impacts of decreased gravity on humans’ practice limit because of diminished cardiovascular action (Davis, 1999; Bungo, 1983) and strong quality (Patton, 1987) requires countermeasures, for example, diet plans and exercise plans (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). One thing that must be considered by the space business is the change of the human circadian cadence and the impacts of such alterations in human execution (Gander, 1989). All things considered, the objective of human variables look into is to impact simpler conditions in the space so better and progressively fruitful execution is normal. Inability to do so would mean a misfortune throughout everyday life and misfortune in noteworthy ventures (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Something else that people associated with space missions experience is incredible increasing speed and vibration. Increasing speed influences the vision relying upon how its power is coordinated. The typical outcomes are darkening of vision, loss of vision at a specific side, for the most part the outskirts, and reduced, obscured or multiplied vision. This limitation in vision could instigate movement disorder which could influence execution (Stern, 1990). Vibration additionally degradingly affects the exhibition. It is as a rule during the lift-off and landing when vibration is most noteworthy. Sadly, there are ordinarily when vision is significant. Along these lines, letters on hardware and signs are normally written in enormous configuration to suit any obscuring or corrupting impact of vibration on the person’s vision (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006).

“Consumer Banking” Compliance Assessment Essay

â€Å"Consumer Banking† Compliance Assessment Presentation Section One   The business substances have advanced hugely after some time. Among the numerous progressions made in the business is the issue of the formation of various working units. One of the most significant working units is the consistence unit. Each working unit is concurred its own orders and terms of references. Along these lines, every unit is made in some way or another autonomous to the degree that it works inside the necessities of the whole organization’s objectives. What's more, each working unit is accused of its obligations. This is in accordance with the end goal of the making of the unit in any case. The quantity of the working units relies upon the classes of capacities that are recognizable in the whole association. Moreover, all the working units must have the option to connect with each other. This is on the grounds that they are for the most part working to the greatest advantage of the whole association. On the off chance that one comes up short, all the othe rs are influenced. In this manner, none can work in isolation. It is additionally essential to take note of that all the units ought to have a legitimate detailing method to the administration lastly to the top managerial staff. This is on the grounds that they are responsible to the board. Understanding the idea of every specialty unit is along these lines significant. Recognizable proof of the components that comprise the specialty unit is additionally significant. Thusly, we can value the job of every specialty unit, how they connect to one another and at last how they add to the accomplishment of the whole business.   Compliance unit is an extremely exceptional unit in the money related industry. It is uncommon in light of the fact that its capacities are not business exercises but rather offering guidance to different specialty units on the most proficient method to improve consistence with the principles and guidelines. Much the same as some other working unit, the viability of the consistence unit in releasing its obligations is influenced by elements, for example, terms of reference, authority, detailing duties, responsibility and the nature of the staff. Every one of these components together will see that the unit is effective in its activities or it falls flat. On the off chance that it is effective, at that point it is applicable to the whole firm since it will give the truly necessary help. On the off chance that it comes up short, the whole firm will probably come up short in light of the fact that the consistence dangers will eventually find it while unconscious. It is in this wa y essential to take a gander at the components that guarantee that the built up consistence unit is viable.   First and principal, the terms of reference for the consistence unit foresee the viability of the unit. The terms of reference illuminate the particular errand that the unit is commanded to complete. The assignment ought to be expressed plainly with no equivocalness. For example, on account of the consistence unit, the undertaking is to prompt the business on the most proficient method to conform to the set guidelines, guidelines, laws and gauges. Moreover, the consistence division screens the business exercises to see if they are inside the guidelines set out. The division additionally screens the direct of workers to distinguish genuine infringement or potential infringement of rules, systems, strategies, guidelines and principles that are rules in the business. Basically, the obligation of the consistence division is to make programs that help the firm’s consistence. It is the obligation of the senior administration and the business line administrators that guarantee at last that there is firm consistence with laws and the guidelines. Besides, in the terms of references, the destinations of the consistence unit must be expressed obviously. Along these lines, the office will have the scenery for estimating its presentation simply like some other specialty unit. The goals of the division might be as to what number of trainings that will be done at a given time, how frequently observation will be led, how regularly arrangements will be looked into among others. Ultimately, the reason for presence of the office must be unmistakably comprehended if the division must be compelling in releasing its obligations. For example, the office ought to be made mindful that its fundamental reason for existing is to help the administration in recognizing consistence dangers, surveying them and exhorting on what ought to be done to turn away their repercussions just as their repeat. There are set rules that direct the activities of the consistence unit. They spec ify the limits of the tasks of the division and the constraints of its order. In the event that these rules and the guidelines are clung to, the adequacy of the consistence unit will be acknowledged in the firm. There will be no irreconcilable situations between the consistence unit and the administration duties.   The other significant factor that impacts the adequacy of the consistence office is the position. The authority of the consistence division ought to be plainly expressed out. To guarantee checking of the business exercises and the lead of the workers, the consistence staff ought to be given boundless capacity to get to all the data in all the specialty units in the firm. The consistence staff ought to be liable to the board and the senior administration alone. For example, assume the specialty unit in a bank responsible for credit preparing is going to carry out a wrongdoing regarding the guidelines that oversee the tasks. A customer goes to the workplace of the business line chief in this specialty unit. It happens that the customer is a companion of the director. As indicated by the set guidelines administering propelling credits, the customer doesn't meet the rules. The director moves and twists the principles for his companion to get the advance. This is an issue that addr esses consistence. Without enough expert with respect to the consistence staff to examine the direct of the chief in this specialty unit, at that point it is difficult to uncover such an unfortunate behavior. Maybe it could wind up undetected. To this degree, the consistence division would be considered to have fizzled, however simply because it had no authority over such conditions.   How the consistence staff report their discoveries is likewise significant if the division is to be successful. Arranged by chain of importance, the top managerial staff is at the top. The senior administration is the second. The board offers directions to the senior administration staff. The senior administration offers guidelines to the business line directors who thusly order specialty unit bosses. The managers provide requests to the representatives. The consistence office doesn't assume any immediate job in the business, it is accordingly named as a non-business division in the firm. The board and the senior administration eventually implement consistence with the standards and the guidelines beginning with the business line directors and the specialty unit chiefs. At that point the chiefs guarantee that the representatives fall in line in issues that respect laws, rules, guidelines, methodology and the principles of the firm. The consistence office is included recognizab le proof of the potential infringement of the consistence. On the off chance that such infringement are distinguished, they ought to be imparted to the correct individual. The leader of the consistence division reports straightforwardly to the board and ranking directors for a fitting move to be made. This is on the grounds that, as we have just referenced above, it is the obligation of the board and the ranking directors to guarantee full consistence in the whole firm. The way that the consistence division can report straightforwardly to the board makes it conceivable to turn away a potential emergency that could result from unfortunate behavior of workers.   Another factor that impacts the viability of the consistence unit in a firm is the nature of the staff individuals. The staff ought to be accomplished in issues that respect the state laws that influence the firm. Likewise, they ought to have a decent comprehension of the principles, guidelines, strategies and norms of that firm. This information will help them in settling on appropriate choices when doing their obligations. This is on the grounds that it is difficult to tell when an infringement has occurred or is going to occur on the off chance that one doesn't have the foggiest idea what should done in any case. The issue of nature of staff emerges likewise in specialty units that are included selling process. It is significant for the consistence officials to know the line of items that are being sold and the providers who flexibly them. This is on the grounds that some business substances go into concurrences with certain suppliers.For example, in a specific business ele ment in Singapore that sells hardware from Samsung Company, the accompanying infringement of the consistence was submitted and went unidentified. In this specific example, the chief responsible for deals concluded that he could arrange some electronic gadgets from Sony Company without advising the rest regarding the supervisory crew.. The motivation behind why this chief chose to do something like this neglectful of its outcomes to the whole business was on the grounds that he felt that Sony items sold more than Samsung results of a similar line. One junior consistence official was examining the items in the business stock. He saw both Sony and Samsung items yet didn't address. This is on the grounds that he didn't have the foggiest idea about that there was an arrangement between the business element and Samsung Company and that nearness of Sony items implied that the supervisor was not agreeable. Section Two   The guideline of the money related administrations part requires a fragile equalization being kept up between over-guideline from one perspective and under-guideline on the other. This is on the grounds that money related administrations are fragile issues that are touchy to any outside changes and the effect of any outer power is huge in the endurance of the budgetary business. Guideline of money related industry radiates from two levels. These levels incorporate outside and interna

Effects of Anorexia Nervosa Research Assignment - 550 Words

Effects of Anorexia Nervosa Research Assignment (Research Paper Sample) Content: Name:Unit:Institution:Date:Effects of Anorexia NervosaThe mere mention of the word anorexia brings the image of weight loss to an individual. However, the effects of the disorder are far much critical than how many people presume it to be. The disorder exhibits similar characteristics of one of the deadliest physical diseases, cancer. This is due to its effects that starts being realized in one organ and ends up affecting multiple body organs, possibly leading to death. In most instances, it is difficult to reverse the physical effects of starvation.The brain is one of the places that is vastly affected by the condition in a physical aspect. Anorexia causes the brain to shrink because of insufficient nutrients supplied to it for development and growth. The shrinking subsequently leads to reduction in IQ. The Families Empowered and Supporting Treatment of Eating Disorders in adding further to our insights on eating disorders and the brain:We know that starvation and we ight loss have powerful effects on the body and the brain. Malnutrition impacts on the brains capacity to think, manage emotions and process information from its environment. Starvation often exaggerates an individuals personality traits and ways of thinking. Malnutrition may lead to changes in brain development even after they have restored normal eating and weight. (page 3)The malnutrition to the brain will go to an extent of affecting the release of hormones thus altering the performance of various organs in the body giving a room for further complications.The heart is another vital organ that is affected by Anorexia. Most of those who succumb to the disease during its severe stages are noted to have suffered from heart diseases (Casiero and Frishman, 2006). With the starvation, the energy levels for the muscles of the heart to enable pumping of blood becomes a challenge thus the lower number of heartbeats of less than 60 per minute are recorded when persons have this disorder. A s patients with anorexia lose weight, they lose muscle mass, both of the skeletal and cardiac type. When patients lose cardiac muscle mass, they can develop mitral valve prolapse (Caroline, 2014). The body will generally attempt to conserve energy and the heart which consumes a lot of the energy arising from the metabolism reactions, will actively participate by reducing the number of heartbeats and the intensity (Myatt, 2014).Anorexia further affects the bones of an individual thus exposing a victim to various other challenges. The malnutrition possibly leads to a health condition known as osteoporosis. People with this condition bones that are less dense and more likely to fracture. Bone disease is a common finding in patients with anorexia nervosa and includes a possible impact on linear growth, reduced bone mineral density (BMD), changes in bone turnover and structural and microarchitectural alterations leading to increased fracture risk (Page 4). The relationship with anorexia is common in reference to females when the functioning of the brain in stimulating estrogen hormone is altered. When the levels of estrogen are low, the density of the bones is affected to the negative side. The condition further stimulates the production of higher quantities of cortisol which is a form of adrenaline hormone that trigger...

Benefits Of Different Types Of Participaton - 1657 Words

DESCRIBE THE BENEFITS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PARTICIPATON TO THE INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITY SHERYL MARSHALL LEVEL 6B ADVANCED SPORTS AND FITNESS TUTOR: BRIAN WOOLFSON Table of Contents Page 1 Terms of Reference; Procedure; Findings; Benefits to the Individual Page 2 Benefits to the individual continued Page 3 Benefits to the community Page 4 Conclusion Page 5 Reference page Terms of Reference In September 2016, our class was asked by Elizabeth Smith to collate a report describing the different types of participation to the Individual and community. Procedure Research was carried out by visiting Irvine Community Sports Club, interviewing members of the public and exploring various online sources. Findings There are compelling benefits to carrying out regular exercise to an individual, such as weight loss, increased strength, physical as well as mental health improvements, confidence and social aspects. Similarly, the benefits to the community are also noteworthy, including improving community spirit, reduction of NHS costings and greater infrastructure. Benefits to the individual The NHS states ‘’adults require at least one hundred and fifty minutes of moderate aerobic activity’’ or ‘’seventy-five minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week’’. The main result of exercise which people are looking for is weight loss. If we exercise and burn more calories than

Segregation on America - 2830 Words

America has been dealing with segregation from its birth. Many of us wonder today if America should be resegregated. â€Å"To segregate is to: to require often with force, the separation of (a specific racial, religious, or other group) from the general body of society.† (Dictionary.com). In order to understand our selves, we must first understand Segregation in America. The constantly changing fashionable take on Segregation in America demonstrates the depth of the subject. In this research paper I am going to take a look at the past, present, future of segregation, and its effects on society today. By looking at America’s past life of segregation, we may open wounds for many that have been covered with salt and that also may bring out†¦show more content†¦When it came to education, blacks were given hand me downs, and poor equipment for other things if they received any at all. Blacks were not allowed to go to the same schools as whites. Everything was separa te. The education that the average black student received from a southern school was minuet compared to the education that the white children received. The social activities that were available for black were also limited, sports has been one of the most loved pass time activities for Americans. A lot of college students who participate in sports were found by college scouts in high school because of their sports records that they hold. Back in the past this was not available to black because they did not do college scouting at (negro) schools, they looked passed their talent. The schools for blacks were even substantially smaller than the white’s. Looking at the view from the white’s aspect they were the students that had the newest and best material that was available. Comparing the education between the white’s and blacks I would say that the white’s received better educational opportunities the blacks. Majority of the teachers for the most part, went to college and had proof of being able to teach the required material. Having the lacking end of the educational system many of the blacks wished that th ey had the same opportunity as the whites did. They way that this was accomplished wasShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Segregation of School in America1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe Segregation of School in America In history there are two major turning points in the fight for equal rights. The first was â€Å"Homer Plessey vs. The rail road company† of 1986. Homer Plessey was asked to sit in a black only carriage and refused; he was kicked off the train. He decided to take his case to the supreme court and they ruled in favour of segregation, saying â€Å"separate but equal†. Segregation had been occurring for many years already in the form of â€Å"The JimRead MoreResidential Segregation In America Essay1950 Words   |  8 Pages Definition and Measurement of Residential Segregation According to Massey and Denton (1988), residential segregation â€Å"is the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment†(282). Now this is a pretty general definition, but it gives basic but good insight as to what residential desegregation is talking about. In this paper, I will mostly be focusing on residential segregation as it relates to the black and white populations in relationRead MoreEssay about Americas Segregation1451 Words   |  6 Pages America Segregation how has it been affecting the society of Americans for so long? Well according to American Apartheid there just hasn’t been enough time for the 1960s civil rights laws to work themselves out. How long will this take, and will it ever just work itself out? Why are there ghettos and how did they come about. Why are most ghettos in towns and cities in parts that are usually run down? Well if we can remember back in time when immigrants started to enter the United States the differentRead MoreSeparate and Unequal: Overcoming Segregation in America1928 Words   |  8 PagesAt the time of the African-American Civil Rights movement, segregation was abundant in all aspects of life. Separation, it seemed, was the new motto for all of America. But change was coming. In order to create a nation of true equality, segregation had to be eradicated throughout all of America. Although most people tend to think that it was only well-known, and popular figureheads such as M artin Luther King Junior or Rosa Parks, who were the sole launchers of the African-American Civil Rights movementRead MoreEssay on Racism, Racial Profiling and Segregation in America2491 Words   |  10 Pagesbut also very common at State University. Although the Supreme Court in 1954 in Brown vs. The Topeka Board of Education declared segregation illegal, our student center today probably looks the way diners looked sixty years ago. Blacks are sitting in a secluded section of the Student Center; while whites are sitting in their own self-designated section. The segregation between blacks and whites in the State University Student Center is simply a natural occurrence between the two races. State UniversityRead MoreSegregation vs. Integration1387 Words   |  6 PagesSegregation vs. Integration One of the most significant issues which the United States has dealt with for decades is the issue of racial segregation. In a post-Civil Rights era, there is a common tendency to assume that racism is no longer a pressing social concern in America due to the gradual erosion of whiteness. During the late 1800s and much of the 1900s, segregation had been a controversial and divisive issue throughout the country. This issue stemmed from the separation of African AmericansRead MoreAfrican Americans During The 20th Century1261 Words   |  6 Pageshundred years, countless battles have been fought in order to eliminate race as a social divider. Perhaps the most influential time frame for African-Americans in the United States would be from 1940-1970. During this time in America, Blacks everywhere were fighting against segregation and discrimination of their race. Consequently, the timeline of events that occurred during this time uncovers the numerous battles that African-American peopl e fought in order to gain their freedom, and their rights asRead MoreRacial Segregation : Segregation And Segregation Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesRacial Segregation â€Å"Segregation is that which is forced upon an inferior by a superior. Separation is done voluntarily by two equals.† This is an important and powerful quote said by the late Malcolm X. From 1849-1950 segregation took place for a little over a century. Just 4 years after that, in Brown v. Board of Education the supreme court outlawed segregation in public schools. This was the starting point in putting an end to segregation nationwide. However, is segregation really abolished? OrRead More Segregation: Seperate but Equal967 Words   |  4 Pagesfor change in America in the mid 20th century. America was a country in turmoil, after many futile efforts to make social change had failed but Linda Brown’s groundbreaking case pushed America in the right direction. At the heart of the problem was segregation. Segregation is the act of separating a certain person or faction from the main group. In America’s case segregation was practiced on minorities such as African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. The full force of segregation was brought downRead MoreDiscrimination Vs Discrimination726 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica is known as a mixing pot for those in search of freedom and new opportunities. People of many different races are welcome. But with such a diverse amount of people, racism, and a rather long history of segregation applied itself to the picture. Segregation within jobs, the past and the effect it has now, and the problems it brings with it, still is held in our country to date. Laws regarding some situations job applications as well as accepting students is called an affirmative action

Legislative Branch free essay sample

There are many important parts in the process of the legislative branch. The legislative branch creates laws, and during that process many things must happen. The bill must pass majority votes for the House, the Senate and then the President must sign the bill into law. If the President vetoes it, the Senate can override it. The legislative branch is very complex but important to our country’s government. The most important step of the legislative branch is when a bill becomes a law. The very intricate course that the bill takes is what legislation is all about. Since not all bills become laws, it is important that they pass majority of votes in the House and Senate. If it does not pass, the bill is destroyed and will have to start the editing journey over again. It is for this reason that the process of a bill becoming a law is a crucial step in the legislative process. We will write a custom essay sample on Legislative Branch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Senates ability to override is another very important aspect to the legislative branch. The Senate displays a very equal disbursement of each state in a fair manner, two per state. If the President vetoes a law, the Senate has the power to override it. This is very important because it assures voices from every state to be heard, rather than just the President’s. It also gives the bill another chance to become a law. The power of the Senate plays a huge role in the legislative branch. The legislative branch is the most important branch of government. It has a very elaborate process in which a bill must go through. Some aspects are more substantial than others. When a bill officially becomes a law is essential, as well as the Senate’s qualification to override the President’s decision. The complexity of the legislative lawmaking process does not undermine the importance of each step taken to create the law.

The Self in the World the Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems Essay Example

The Self in the World: the Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems Essay The Self in the World: The Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems, [(essay date 1980) In the following essay, Annas offers analysis of depersonalization in Plaths poetry which, according to Annas, embodies Plaths response to oppressive modern society and her dual consciousness of self as both subject and object. ] For surely it is time that the effect of disencouragement upon the mind of the artist should be measured, as I have seen a dairy company measure the effect of ordinary milk and Grade A milk upon the body of the rat. They set two rats in cages side by side, and of the two one was furtive, timid and small, and the other was glossy, bold and big. Now what food do we feed women as artists upon? Virginia Woolf, A Room of Ones Own The dialectical tension between self and world is the location of meaning in Sylvia Plaths late poems. Characterized by a conflict between stasis and movement, isolation and engagement, these poems are largely about what stands in the way of the possibility of rebirth for the self. In Totem, she writes: There is no terminus, only suitcases / Out of which the same self unfolds like a suit / Bald and shiny, with pockets of wishes / Notions and tickets, short circuits and folding mirrors. While in the early poems the self was often imaged in terms of its own possibilities for transformation, in the post-Colossus poems the self is more often seen as trapped within a closed cycle. One movesbut only in a circle and continuously back to the same starting point. Rather than the self and the world, the Ariel poems record the self in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Self in the World: the Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Self in the World: the Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Self in the World: the Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The self can change and develop, transform and be reborn, only if the world in which it exists does; the possibilities of the self are intimately and inextricably bound up with those of the world. Sylvia Plaths sense of entrapment, her sense that her choices are profoundly limited, is directly connected to the particular time and place in which she wrote her poetry. Betty Friedan describes the late fifties and early sixties for American women as a comfortable concentration campphysically luxurious, mentally oppressive and impoverished. The recurring metaphors of fragmentation and reificationthe abstraction of the individualin Plaths late poetry are socially and historically based. They are images of Nazi concentration camps, of fire and bombs through the roof (The Applicant), of cannons, of trains, of wars, wars, wars (Daddy). And they are images of kitchens, iceboxes, adding machines, typewriters, and the depersonalization of hospitals. The sea and the moon are still important images for Plath, but in the Ariel poems they have taken on a harsher quality. The moon, also, is merciless, she writes in Elm. While a painfully acute sense of the depersonalization and fragmentation of 1950s America is characteristic of Ariel, three poems describe particularly well the social landscape within which the I of Sylvia Plaths poems is trapped: The Applicant, Cut, and The Munich Mannequins. The Applicant is explicitly a portrait of marriage in contemporary Western culture. However, the courtship and wedding in the poem represe nt not only male/female relations but human relations in general. That job seeking is the central metaphor in The Applicant suggests a close connection between the capitalist economic system, the patriarchal family structure, and the general depersonalization of human relations. Somehow all interaction between people, and especially that between men and women, given the history of the use of women as items of barter, seems here to be conditioned by the ideology of a bureaucratized market place. However this system got started, both men and women are implicated in its perpetuation. As in many of Plaths poems, one feels in reading The Applicant that Plath sees herself and her imaged personae as not merely caught invictims ofthis situation, but in some sense culpable as well. In The Applicant, the poet is speaking directly to the reader, addressed as you throughout. We too are implicated, for we too are potential applicants. People are described as crippled and as dismembered pieces of bodies in the first stanza of The Applicant. Thus imagery of dehumanization begins the poem. Moreover, the pieces described here are not even flesh, but a glass eye, false teeth or a crutch, / A brace or a hook, / Rubber breasts or a rubber crotch. We are already so involved in a sterile and machine-dominated culture that we are likely part artifact and sterile ourselves. One is reminded not only of the imagery of other Plath poems, but also of the controlling metaphor of Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, written at about the same time as The Applicantin 1962, and Chief Bromdens conviction that those people who are integrated into society are just collections of wheels and cogs, smaller replicas of a smoothly functioning larger social machine. The ward is a factory for the Combine, Bromden thinks. Something that came all twisted different is now a functioning, adjusted component, a credit to the whole outfit and a marvel to behold. Watch him sliding across the land with a welded grin . . . In stanza two of The Applicant, Plath describes the emptiness which characterizes the applicant and which is a variant on the roboticized activity of Keseys Adjusted Man. Are there stitches to show somethings missing? she asks. The applicants hand is empty, so she provides a hand To fill it and willing To bring teacups and roll away headaches And do whatever you tell it Will you marry it? Throughout the poem, people are talked about as parts and surfaces. The suit introduced in stanza three is at least as alive as the hollow man and me chanical doll woman of the poem. In fact, the suit, an artifact, has more substance and certainly more durability than the person to whom it is offered in marriage. Ultimately, it is the suit which gives shape to the applicant where before he was shapeless, a junk heap of fragmented parts. I notice you are stark naked. How about this suit Black and stiff, but not a bad fit. Will you marry it? It is waterproof, shatterproof, proof Against fire and bombs through the roof. Believe me, theyll bury you in it. The man in the poem is finally defined by the black suit he puts on, but the definition of the woman shows her to be even more alienated and dehumanized. While the man is a junk heap of miscellaneous parts given shape by a suit of clothes, the woman is a wind-up toy, a puppet of that black suit. She doesnt even exist unless the black suit needs and wills her to. Will you marry it? It is guaranteed To thumb shut your eyes at the end And dissolve of sorrow. We make new stock from the salt. The woman in the poem is referred to as it. Like the man, she has no individuality, but where his suit gives him form, standing for the role he plays in a bureaucratic society, for the work he does, the only thing that gives the woman form is the institution of marriage. She does not exist before it and dissolves back into nothingness after it. In The Applicant there is at least an implication that something exists underneath the mans black suit; that however fragmented he is, he at least marries the suit and he at least has a choice. In contrast, the woman is the role she plays; she does not exist apart from it. Naked as paper to start, Plath writes, But in twenty-five years shell be silver, In fifty, gold. A living doll, everywhere you look. It can sew, it can cook. It can talk, talk, talk. The man, the type of a standard issue corporation junior executive, is also alienated. He has freedom of choice only in comparison to the much more limited situation of the woman. That is to say, he has relative freedom of choice in direct proportion to his role as recognized worker in the economic structure of his society. This should not imply, however, that this man is in any kind of satisfying and meaningful relation to his work. The emphasis in The Applicant upon the mans surfacehis black suittogether with the opening question of the poem (First, are you our sort of person? ) suggests that even his relationship to his work is not going to be in any sense direct or satisfying. It will be filtered first through the suit of clothes, then through the glass eye and rubber crotch before it can reach the real human being, assuming there is anything left of him. The woman in the poem is seen as an appendage; she works, but she works in a realm outside socially recognized labor. She works for the man in the black suit. She is seen as making contact with the world only through the medium of the man, who is already twice removed. This buffering effect is exacerbated by the fact that the man is probably not engaged in work that would allow him to feel a relationship to the product of his labor. He is probably a bureaucrat of some kind, and therefore his relationship is to pieces of paper, successive and fragmented paradigms of the product (whatever it is, chamberpots or wooden tables) rather than to the product itself. And of course, the more buffered the man is, the more buffered the woman is, for in a sense her real relationship to the world of labor is that of consumer rather than producer. Therefore, her only relationship to socially acceptable productionas opposed to consumptionis through the man. In another sense, however, the woman is not a consumer, but a commodity. Certainly she is seen as a commodity in this poem, as a reward only slightly less important than his black suit, which the man receives for being our sort of person. It can be argued that the man is to some extent also a commodity; yet just as he is in a sense more a laborer and less a consumer than the womanat least in terms of the social recognition of his positionso in a second sense he is more a consumer and less a commodity than the woman. And when we move out from the particularly flat, paper-like image of the woman in the poem to the consciousness which speaks the poem in a tone of bitter irony, then the situation of the woman as unrecognized worker/recognized commodity becomes clearer. The man in The Applicant, because of the middle class bureaucratic nature of his work (one does not wear a new black suit to work in a steel mill or to handcraft a cabinet) and because of his position vis-a-vis the woman (her social existence depends upon his recognition), is more a member of an exploiting class than one which is exploited. There are some parts of his world, specifically those involving the woman, in which he can feel himself relatively in control and therefore able to understand his relationship to this world in a contemplative way. Thus, whatever we may think of the system he has bought into, he himself can see it as comparatively stable, a paradigm with certain static features which nevertheless allows him to move upward in an orderly fashion. Within the context of this poem, then, and within the context of the womans relationship to the man in the black suit, she is finally both worker and commodity while he is consumer. Her position is close to that of the Marxist conception of the proletariat. Fredric Jameson, in Marxism and Form, defines the perception of external objects and events which arises naturally in the consciousness of an individual who is simultaneously worker and commodity. Even before [the worker] posits elements of the outside world as objects of his thought, he feels himself to be an object, and this initial alienation within himself takes precedence over everything else. Yet precisely in this terrible alienation lies the strength of the workers position: his first movement is not toward knowledge of the work but toward knowledge of himself as an object, toward self-consciousness. Yet this self-consciousness, because it is initially knowledge of an object (himself, his own labor as a commodity, his life force which he is under obligation to sell), permits him more genuine knowledge of the commodity nature of the outside world than is granted to middle-class objectivity. For [and here Jameson quotes Georg Lukacs in The History of Class Consciousness] his consciousness is the self-consciousness of merchandise itself . . . This dual consciousness of self as both subject and object is characteristic of the literature of minority and/or oppressed classes. It is characteristic of the proletarian writer in his (admittedly often dogmatic) perception of his relation to a decadent past, a dispossessed present, and a utopian future. It is characteristic of black American writers; W. E. B. Du Bois makes a statement very similar in substance to Jamesons in The Souls of Black Folk, and certainly the basic existential condition of Ellisons invisible man is his dual consciousness which only toward the end of that novel becomes a means to freedom of action rather than paralysis. It is true of contemporary women writers, of novelists like Doris Lessing, Margaret Atwood, and Rita Mae Brown, and of poets like Denise Levertov, Adrienne Rich, and Marge Piercy. In a sense, it is more characteristic of American literature than of any other major world literature, for each immigrant group, however great its desire for assimilation into the American power structure, initially possessed this dual consciousness. Finally, a dialectical perception of self as both subject and object, both worker and commodity, in relation to past and future as well as present, is characteristic of revolutionary literature, whether the revolution is political or cultural. Sylvia Plath has this dialectical awareness of self as both subject and object in particular relation to the society in which she lived. The problem for her, and perhaps the main problem of Cold War America, is in the second aspect of a dialectical consciousnessan awareness of oneself in significant relation to past and future. The first person narrator of what is probably Plaths best short story, Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams, is a clerk/typist in a psychiatric clinic, a self-described dream connoisseur who keeps her own personal record of all the dreams which pass through her office, and who longs to look at the oldest record book the Psychoanalytic Institute possesses. This dream book was spanking new the day I was born, she says, and elsewhere makes the connection even clearer: The clinic started thirty-three years agothe year of my birth, oddly enough. This connection suggests the way in which Plath uses history and views herself in relation to it. The landscape of her late work is a contemporary social landscape. It goes back in time to encompass such significant historical events as the Rosenberg trial and executionthe opening chapter of The Bell Jar alludes dramatically to these eventsand of course it encompasses, is perhaps obsessed with, the major historical event of Plaths time, the second world war. But social history seems to stop for Plath where her own life starts, and it is replaced at that point by a mythic timeless past populated by creatures from folk tale and classical mythology. This is not surprising, since as a woman this poet had little part in shaping history. Why should she feel any relation to it? But more crucially, there is no imagination of the future in Sylvia Plaths work, no utopian or even antiutopian consciousness. In her poetry there is a dialectical consciousness of the self as simultaneously object and subject, but in her particular social context she was unable to develop a consciousness of herself in relation to a past and future beyond her own lifetime. This foreshortening of a historical consciousness affects in turn the dual consciousness of self in relation to itself (as subject) and in relation to the world (as object). It raises the question of how one accounts objectively for oneself. For instance, if I am involved in everything I see, can I still be objective and empirical in my perception, free from myth and language? Finally, this foreshortening of historical consciousness affects the question of whether the subject is a function of the object or vice versa. Since the two seem to have equal possibilities, this last question is never resolved. As a result, the individual feels trapped; and in Sylvia Plaths poetry one senses a continual struggle to be reborn into some new present which causes the perceiving consciousness, when it opens its eyes, to discover that it has instead (as in Lady Lazarus) made a theatrical / Comeback in broad day / To the same place, the same face, the same brute / Amused shout: A miracle! This difficulty in locating the self and the concomitant suspicion that as a result the self may be unreal are clear in poems like Cut, which describe the self-image of the poet as paper. The ostensible occasion of Cut is slicing ones finger instead of an onion; the first two stanzas of the poem describe the cut finger in minute and almost naturalistic detail. There is a suppressed hyst eria here which is only discernible in the poems curious mixture of surrealism and objectivity. The images of the poem are predominantly images of terrorism and war, immediately suggested to the poet by the sight of her bleeding finger: out of a gap / A million soldiers run, Saboteur / Kamikaze man, and finally, trepanne d veteran. The metaphors of war are extensive, and, though suggested by the actual experience, they are removed from it. In the one place in the poem where the speaker mentions her own feelings as a complete entity (apart from but including her cut finger) the image is of paper. She says, O my Homunculus, I am ill. I have taken a pill to kill The thin Papery feeling. Paper often stands for the self-image of the poet in the post-Colossus poems. It is used in the title poem of Crossing the Water, where the two black cut-paper people appear less substantial and less real than the solidity and immensity of the natural world surrounding them. In the play Three Women, the Secretary says of the men in her office: there was something about them like cardboard, and now I had caught it. She sees her own infertility as directly related to her complicity in a bureaucratic, impersonal, male-dominated society. Paper is symbolic of our particular socioeconomic condition and its characteristic bureaucratic labor. It stands for insubstantiality; the paper model of something is clearly less real than the thing itself, even though in developed economies the machines, accoutrements, and objects appear to have vitality, purpose, and emotion, while the people are literally colorless, objectified, and atrophied. The paper self is therefore part of Plaths portrait of a depersonalized society, a bureaucracy, a paper world. In A Life (Crossing the Water), she writes: A woman is dragging her shadow in a circle / About a bald hospital saucer. / It resembles the moon, or a sheet of blank paper / And appears to have suffered a private blitzkrieg. In Tulips the speaker of the poem, also a hospital patient, describes herself as flat, ridiculous, a cut-paper shadow / Between the eye of the sun and the eyes of the tulips. In The Applicant, the woman is again described as paper: Naked as paper to start / But in twenty-five years shell be silver, / In fifty, gold. Here in Cut, the thin, / Papery feeling juxtaposes her emotional dissociation from the wound to the horrific detail of the cut and the bloody images of conflict it suggests. It stands for her sense of depersonalization, for the separation of self from self, and is juxtaposed to that devaluation of human life which is a necessary precondition to war, the separation of society from itself. In this context, it is significant that one would take a pill to kill a feeling of substancelessness and depersonalization. Writing about American women in the 1950s, Betty Friedan asks, Just what was the problem that had no name? What were the words women used when they tried to express it? Sometimes a woman would say, I feel empty somehow . . . incomplete. Or she would say, I feel as if I dont exist. Sometimes she blotted out the feeling with a tranquilizer. A papery world is a sterile world; this equation recurs throughout the Ariel poems. For Sylvia Plath, stasis and perfection are always associated with sterility, while fertility is associated with movement and process. The opening lines of The Munich Mannequins introduce this equation. Perfection is terrible, Plath writes, it cannot have children. / Cold as snow breath, it tamps the womb / Where the yew trees blow like hydras. The setting of The Munich Mannequins is a city in winter. Often, Plaths poems have imaged winter as a time of rest preceding rebirth (Wintering, Frog Autumn), but only when the reference point is nature. The natural world is characterized in Sylvia Plaths poems by process, by the ebb and flow of months and seasons, by a continu al dying and rebirth. The moon is a symbol for the monthly ebb and flow of the tides and of a womans body. The social world, however, the world of the city, is both male defined and separated from this process. In the city, winter has more sinister connotations; it suggests death rather than hibernation. Here the cold is equated with the perfection and sterility to which the poems opening lines refer. Perfection stands in The Munich Mannequins for something artificially created and part of the social world. The poem follows the male quest for perfection to its logical endmannequins in a store windowlifeless and mindless in their sulphur loveliness, in their smiles. The mannequins contrast with the real woman in the same way that the city contrasts with the moon. The real woman is not static but complicated: The tree of life and the tree of life Unloosing their moons, month after month, to no purpose. The blood flood is the flood of love, The absolute sacrifice However, in Munich, morgue between Paris and Rome, the artificial has somehow triumphed. Women have become mannequins or have been replaced by mannequins, or at least mannequins seem to have a greater reality because they are more ordered and comprehensible than real women. It is appropriate that Plath should focus on the middle class of a German city, in a country where fascism was a middle class movement and women allowed themselves to be idealized, to be perfected, to be made, essentially, into mannequins. In The Munich Mannequins, as in The Applicant, Plath points out the deadening of human beings, their disappearance and fragmentation and accretion into the objects that surround them. In The Applicant the woman is a paper doll; here she has been replaced by a store window dummy. In The Applicant all that is left of her at the end is a kind of saline solution; in The Munich Mannequins the only remaining sign of her presence is the domesticity of these windows / The baby lace, the green-leaved confectionery. And where the man in The Applicant is described in terms of his black suit, here the men are described in terms of their shoes, present in the anonymity of hotel corridors, where Hands will be opening doors and setting Down shoes for a polish of carbon Into which broad toes will go tomorrow. People accrete to their things, are absorbed into their artifacts. Finally, they lose all sense of a whole self and become atomized. Parts of them connect to their shoes, parts to their suits, parts to their lace curtains, parts to their iceboxes, and so on. There is nothing left; people have become reified and dispersed into a cluttered artificial landscape of their own production. Because the world she describes is a place created by men rather than women (since men are in control of the forces of production), Plath sees men as having ultimate culpability for this state of affairs which affects both men and women. But men have gone further than this in their desire to change and control the world around them. In The Munich Mannequins man has finally transformed woman into a puppet, a mannequin, something that reflects both his disgust with and his fear of women. A mannequin cannot have children, but neither does it have that messy, terrifying, and incomprehensible blood flow each month. Mannequins entirely do away with the problems of female creativity and self-determination. Trapped inside this vision, therefore, the speaker of the Ariel poems sees herself caught between nature and society, biology and intellect, Dionysus and Apollo, her self definition and the expectations of others, as between two mirrors. Discussion of the Ariel poems has often centered around Sylvia Plaths most shocking images. Yet her images of wars and concentration camps, of mass and individual violence, are only the end result of an underlying depersonalization, an abdication of people to their artifacts, and an economic and social structure that equates people and objects. Like the paper doll woman in The Applicant, Sylvia Plath was doubly alienated from such a world, doubly objectified by it, and as a woman artist, doubly isolated within it. Isolated both from a past tradition and a present community, she found it difficult to structure new alternatives for the future. No wonder her individual quest for rebirth failed as it led her continuously in a circle back to the same self in the